Análise do perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes submetidos a transplante de córnea no Espírito Santo / Analysis of the epidemiological profile of patients submitted to corneal transplantation in the Espirito Santo

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes submetidos a transplante de córnea no estado do Espírito Santo. Métodos: Estudo transversal e descritivo realizado entre o período de janeiro de 2017 a janeiro de 2018, com o total de 1310 cadastrados na Central de Notificação, Captação e Distribuição de Órgãos do Espírito Santo (CNCDO/ES) por meio do Sistema Nacional de Transplantes (SNT) e que foram submetidos a transplante de córnea. Os dados foram apresentados em estatística descritiva como frequências e mediana e a análise dos dados foi realizada com o software SPSS versão 23. Resultados: em relação à frequência, obteve-se 54,3% do gênero feminino, 57,33% (751) provenientes da Região Metropolitana de Vitória. Os pacientes do Espírito Santo correspondem a 86% da frequência na fila, seguidos por Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais e Bahia, que juntos correspondem a 6,3%. O principal diagnóstico na indicação de transplante foi a Ceratopatia Bolhosa (25,9%), seguido por Ceratocone (16,5%) e Ceratite Intersticial (15,5%). A média de tempo de espera foi de 195 dias, sendo no máximo 1345 dias. Verificou-se que 1310 pacientes foram transplantados de córnea, a faixa etária dos transplantados é de 57 anos, sendo a maioria destes da Região Metropolitana de Vitória. Conclusão: Os diagnósticos mais prevalentes nos pacientes transplantados no Espírito Santo foram Ceratopatia Bolhosa e Ceratocone, em pacientes majoritariamente do sexo feminino, 57 anos em média, da região metropolitana da grande Vitória e provenientes do próprio estado. O estudo permite traçar estratégias de prevenção, cuidado e ações sociais de conscientização de doação de córnea.

Abstract Objective: To describe the epidemiological profile of patients submitted to corneal transplantation in state of Espirito Santo, Brazil. Methods: Transversal and descriptive study, with 1301 patients, in the period of January 2017 until to January 2018, the patients were registered in the Central Notification, Captation and Distribution of Organs of Espirito Santo (CNCDO/ES) through the National Transplant System (SNT) and submitted to corneal transplantation. The data were shown as descriptive statistics (frequencies and medians) and analysis of the data was performed using SPSS software, 23 version. Results: In relation to frequency, it was obtained 54.5% female, 57.33% from the metropolitan area of Vitória. Eighty-six percent were patients from Espirito Santo and the others 6.3% were from Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and Bahia. The main indications for corneal transplantation were Bullous Keratopathy (25.9%), Keratoconus (16.5%) and interstitial keratitis (15.5%). The average of waiting time was 195 days and the longest was 1345 days. It was found that 1301 patients underwent corneal transplantation, they are in the 57-year age group, and the biggest part of them are from the metropolitan area of Vitória. Conclusion: The most prevalent diagnoses in patients submitted to corneal transplantation in state of Espirito Santo were Bullous Keratopathy and Keratoconus, in patients mostly female, 57 years old on average, from the metropolitan region of greater Vitória and from the state itself. The study allows to outline prevention strategies, care and social actions to raise awareness of corneal donation.

Intraocular straylight before and after low myopic photorefractive keratectomy with and without mitomycin C / Dispersão de luz intraocular antes e depois da ceratectomia fotorrefrativa para baixa miopia com e sem mitomicina C

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate ocular straylight before and after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for low myopia with and without topical mitomycin (MMC) treatment. Methods: Patients who underwent PRK for low myopia were enrolled into the study. PRK without MMC was performed in 21 eyes (12 patients), whereas PRK with topical 0.02% MMC was performed in 25 eyes (14 patients). Both groups were treated using the NIDEK EC5000 excimer laser. Measurements were performed using the C-Quant straylight meter preoperatively and at two and four months postoperatively. Results: The mean patient age was 30 ± 4 years, and the mean spherical equivalent refractive error was -2.2 ± 0.75 D. The mean preoperative intraocular straylight values were 1.07 ± 0.10 in the PRK without MMC group and 1.07 ± 0.11 log(s) in the PRK with topical MMC group. At two months after surgery, there was a decrease in mean intraocular straylight values in both groups. However, a significant difference was only reached in the PRK with MMC group [0.98 ± 0.09 log(s), p=0.002] compared with preoperative values, which was likely due to a greater scatter of measurements in the PRK without MMC group [1.03 ± 0.13 log(s), p=0.082]. At four months postoperatively, ocular straylight values were not significantly different compared with those at baseline in either the PRK without MMC group [1.02 ± 0.14 log(s), p=0.26] or in the PRK with topical MMC group [1.02 ± 0.11 log(s), p=0.13]. Conclusion: PRK for low myopia decreases ocular straylight, and MMC application further reduces straylight in the early postoperative period. However, ocular straylight values do not significantly differ at four months after surgery compared with those at baseline.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a dispersão de luz intraocular antes e depois da ceratectomia fotorrefrativa (PRK) para baixa miopia com e sem a aplicação tópica de mitomicina C. Métodos: Pacientes submetidos à PRK para baixa miopia foram selecionados para o estudo. PRK sem MMC foi realizado em 21 olhos (12 pacientes) e PRK com MMC tópica a 0,02% foi realizado em 25 olhos (25 pacientes). Ambos os grupos foram tratados com o excimer laser da Nidek EC5000. Avaliações foram realizadas usando o medidor de dispersão de luz C-Quant no pré-operatório e com 2 e 4 meses de pós-operatório. Resultados: A média de idade dos pacientes foi 30 ± 4 anos e a média do equivalente esférico foi -2,2 ± 0,75 D. As médias da dispersão de luz intraocular no pré-operatório foram 1,07 ± 0,10 no grupo PRK sem MMC e 1,07 ± 0,11 log(s) no grupo PRK com MMC tópica. Após 2 meses da cirurgia houve uma diminuição na média da dispersão de luz intraocular em ambos os grupos. Entretanto uma diferença estatisticamente significante, comparado com os valores pré-operatórios, foi observada apenas no grupo PRK com MMC (0,98 ± 0,09 log(s), p=0,002), provavelmente devido as medidas com maior espalhamento de luz no grupo sem MMC (1,03 ± 0,13 log(s), p=0,082). Após 4 meses de pós-operatório, os valores de dispersão de luz não apresentavam diferença estatisticamente significantes quando comparados com os valores iniciais, tanto no grupo sem MMC (1,02 ± 0,14 log(s), p=0,26) quanto no grupo com MMC tópica (1,02 ± 0,11 log(s), p=0,13). Conclusão: PRK para baixa miopia diminui a dispersão de luz ocular e a aplicação de MMC contribui para uma ainda menor dispersão de luz no período pós-operatório inicial. Entretanto, quatro meses após a cirurgia a dispersão de luz intraocular não é significantemente diferente das medidas pré-operatórias.

Comparison of standard and low dose intraoperative mitomycin C in prevention of corneal haze after photorefractive keratectomy

This study aimed to compare two doses of Mitomycin C in reducing haze formation after photorefractive keratectomy. 170 eyes of 85 patients enrolled; in each patient one eye randomly assigned to be treated by low dose intraoperative MMC [LDMMC] and other eye by standard dose MMC [SDMMC]. Then the patients were followed up to 6 months and refraction, Uncorrected Distant Visual Acuity [UCDVA], Best Corrected Distant Visual Acuity [BCDVA] and haze formation submitted in each postoperative exam. The mean preoperative refraction in LDMMC eyes was -3.08 [SD 1.65] sphere and 0.92 [SD 0.88] cylinder. These values for SDMMC eyes were -3.25 [SD 1.80] sphere and 0.81 [SD 0.84] cylinder. Mean postoperative sphere in LDMMC group was -0.132 [SD 0.503] and -0.138 [SD 0.484] in 3 and 6 months after PRK. These results was -0.041 [SD 0.501] and -0.076 [SD 0.489] for SDMMC group. Mean postoperative cylinder 3 and 6 month after PRK was 0.435 [SD 0.218] and 0.423 [SD 0.255]. In LDMMC group and 0.435 [SD 0.247] and 0.426 [SD 0.261] in SDMMC group. In third month 14 eyes in LDMMC group presented with grade 1 score of clinical haze. From these eyes only 2 still had this haze after 6 month. 7 eyes in SDMMC group had grade 1 clinical haze at third month. but no clinical haze was seen at the end of 6[th] month. The results of the two doses of Mitomycin C were not significant. We suggest to use the lower dose to reduce its side effects

Efectividad del crosslinking del colágeno corneal en el tratamiento del queratocono / Effectiveness of the corneal collagen crosslinking in the treatment of keratoconus

Objetivo: determinar la efectividad del tratamiento de crosslinking del colágeno corneal en pacientes con queratocono progresivo en el Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer.Métodos: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, en 30 pacientes (30 ojos) con queratocono progresivo que se les realizó el crosslinking del colágeno corneal. Se recogieron los datos en el preoperatorio, al mes, 3 meses, 6 meses y al año. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, estadio del queratocono, mejor agudeza visual corregida, equivalente esférico, queratometría máxima topográfica, algunos índices topográficos de diagnóstico de queratocono, el coma y la paquimetría óptica...

Objective: to determine the effectiveness of corneal collagen crosslinking in patients with progressive keratoconus performed at Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology.Methods: a retrospective and descriptive study was performed in 30 patients (30 eyes) with progressive keratoconus, who underwent the corneal collagen crosslinking. Data were collected preoperatively on one month, 3 months, 6 months and one year. The studied variables were age, sex, stage of keratoconus, best corrected visual acuity, spherical equivalent, maximum topographic keratometry, some topographic indexes of keratoconus diagnosis, coma and optical pachymetry...

Turning the tide of corneal blindness.

Corneal diseases represent the second leading cause of blindness in most developing world countries. Worldwide, major investments in public health infrastructure and primary eye care services have built a strong foundation for preventing future corneal blindness. However, there are an estimated 4.9 million bilaterally corneal blind persons worldwide who could potentially have their sight restored through corneal transplantation. Traditionally, barriers to increased corneal transplantation have been daunting, with limited tissue availability and lack of trained corneal surgeons making widespread keratoplasty services cost prohibitive and logistically unfeasible. The ascendancy of cataract surgical rates and more robust eye care infrastructure of several Asian and African countries now provide a solid base from which to dramatically expand corneal transplantation rates. India emerges as a clear global priority as it has the world's largest corneal blind population and strong infrastructural readiness to rapidly scale its keratoplasty numbers. Technological modernization of the eye bank infrastructure must follow suit. Two key factors are the development of professional eye bank managers and the establishment of Hospital Cornea Recovery Programs. Recent adaptation of these modern eye banking models in India have led to corresponding high growth rates in the procurement of transplantable tissues, improved utilization rates, operating efficiency realization, and increased financial sustainability. The widespread adaptation of lamellar keratoplasty techniques also holds promise to improve corneal transplant success rates. The global ophthalmic community is now poised to scale up widespread access to corneal transplantation to meet the needs of the millions who are currently blind.

Sphingosine-1 phosphate prevents ethanol-induced corneal epithelial apoptosis.

Background: Apoptosis is a programmed cell death in multicellular organisms, found in a wide variety of conditions, including inflammatory process, everywhere in the body, including the cornea and conjunctiva. Aim: To evaluate the effect of a new topical formulation of sphingosine-1 phosphate on preventing apoptosis of the corneal epithelium. Setting: Medical University. Materials and Methods: We tested several formulations suitable for topical application. Twenty-five rabbits were distributed among five groups. Group 1 comprised the controls. In Group 2, 20% ethanol was applied topically for 20 seconds; in Group 3, 50 μM topical sphingosine-1 phosphate was applied 2 hours prior to 20% ethanol application. In Group 4, 200 μM topical sphingosine-1 phosphate was applied 2 hours before the 20% ethanol application. In Group 5, only 200 μM topical sphingosine-1 phosphate was applied. Apoptosis was evaluated using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) assay. Pairwise comparisons were performed using t-tests with Scheffe's correction. Data were analyzed using STATA 9.0 statistical software. Results: A suspension of sphingosine-1 phosphate in the presence of Montanox 80 was stable and could be formulated without sonication. Epithelial apoptosis was detected only in Groups 2 and 3. Conclusion: Sphingosine-1 phosphate can prevent ethanol-induced apoptosis in the corneal epithelium of rabbits.

Uso profilático de Mitomicina C para inibir a formação de 'haze' após ceratectomia fotorrefrativa em miopias altas resultados após dois anos / Prophylactic use of Mitomycin C to inhibit haze formation after photorefractive keratectomy in high myopia results after two years

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados a longo prazo da aplicação profilática da Mitomicina C para inibir a formação de opacidade corneana em ceratectomia fotorrefrativa (PRK) em pacientes com miopia alta. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, descritivo, longitudinal que compreendeu 59 olhos (30 pacientes) que realizaram cirurgia de PRK com aplicação de Mitomicina C entre janeiro e março de 2008. Os critérios de inclusão dos pacientes foram: equivalente esférico maior do que -4,00 dioptrias, espessura corneana maior do que 480 µm, ausência de cirurgia prévia, de trauma ocular e de enfermidades oculares e sistêmicas. Após realização do PRK, os olhos foram tratados com micro esponja embebida com MMC 0.02 por cento por 20 segundos sobre a área da ablação. Foram realizadas medidas de refração, acuidade visual sem correção, acuidade visual corrigida e observação da opacidade corneana através da lâmpada de fenda nos dois anos de seguimento. RESULTADOS: No pós-operatório, não foram observados efeitos adversos imediatos ou tardios da MMC. Não foi observada opacidade corneana em nenhum olho após dois anos do ato cirúrgico. Em um olho foi observada opacidade grau 2,0 do terceiro até o sexto mês de seguimento. Nos demais olhos, não houve opacidade maior do que 1,0. A acuidade visual não corrigida foi de 20/40 ou melhor em 96,91 por cento dos olhos e de 20/20 em 81,35 por cento dos olhos. A acuidade visual corrigida manteve-se em 57 olhos e houve ganho de uma linha em 2 olhos. CONCLUSÃO: O uso profilático da Mitomicina C a 0,02 por cento após PRK pareceu mostrar-se eficaz na redução de formação de opacidade ocular.

PURPOSE: to evaluate the long-term results of the prophylactic use of Mitomycin C in inhibiting haze formation after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for high myopia. METHODS: This retrospective, descriptive and longitudinal study comprised 59 eyes (30 patients). The inclusion criteria were a spherical equivalent correction over -4,00 diopters, corneal thickness greater than 480 µm, no prior surgery, ocular trauma and ocular and systemic diseases. After PRK, the eyes were treated with a single intraoperative dose of MMC 0.02 percent applied topically with a soaked micro sponge placed over the ablated area for two minutes. Refraction, uncorrected visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity and slit lamp evidence of corneal opacity (haze) were performed on the two years of follow up. RESULTS: No toxic or side effects, either immediate or delayed, were encountered postoperatively. Haze was not observed in any eye after two years of surgery. In one eye haze rate 2,00 was observed from the third until the sixth month of follow-up. In the other eyes, no haze rate higher than 1.0 was observed. The uncorrected visual acuity was 20/40 or better in 96.91 percent of the eyes and 20/20 in 81.35 percent of the eyes. Best corrected visual acuity was unchanged in 57 eyes and improved one line in 2 eyes. CONCLUSION: The prophylactic use of mitomycin C 0.02 percent after PRK suggested effectiveness in reducing haze formation.

Proposta de tratamento para as úlceras corneanas micóticas / A therapy option for Keratomycosis

Os autores apresentam uma proposta de tratamento para pacientes portadores de úlcera corneana micótica, baseados em 16 casos, estudados, prospectivamente, no Serviço de Oftalmologia do HUCAM-UFES.Esta proposta baseia-se no uso tópico da associaçäo de dois antimicóticos de amplo espectro(Natamicina e Ketoconazol), sendo o último também utilizado por via oral.Os autores concluem pela eficácia do tratamento, embora algumas intercorrências observadas durante o tratamento tenham interferido sensivelmente em seu resultado.Sugerem que propedêutica de pacientes com úlcera de córnea deve ser dirigida visando iniciar tratamento precocemente.Ressaltam a excelência do raspado corneano, para exame direto e cultura, no isolamento do fungo.Fazem referências acerca dos riscos de terapia inadequada, sem comprovaçäo etiológica das afecçöes corneanas, favorecendo o agravamento do quadro e comprometendo sensivelmente o resultado final.Enfatizam alternativas cirúrgicas que possibilitam controlar intercorrências e manter a integridade do globo ocular durante o tratamento específico visando procedimentos futuros de recuperaçäo da visäo.